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Version: 0.3

Classes, interfaces and generics

Classes compile to fixed-layout structs. Methods are plain functions. Generics are compiled once per type list.

Classes​

Fields, constructors, getters, static members, parameter properties (constructor(private r: number)), abstract classes and methods, and single inheritance work as in TypeScript:

abstract class Shape {
  abstract area(): number;
  describe(): string { return `area ${this.area().toFixed(2)}`; }
}
class Square extends Shape {
  protected side: number;
  constructor(s: number) { super(); this.side = s; }
  area(): number { return this.side * this.side; }
}
const shapes: Shape[] = [new Square(2)];
for (const s of shapes) console.log(s.describe());   // area 4.00
  • Dispatch only where needed. A method that no subclass overrides is a direct call. An overridden method dispatches on the object's class.
  • private and protected are checked at compile time and cost nothing at run time.
  • Every field without an initializer must be assigned in the constructor. A class with x!: T fields is filled from JSON and cannot be built with new (XS8009).
  • instanceof tests the run-time class; base as Sub is checked (TypeError: the value is not Sub).

Interfaces​

An interface of data (fields only) is a shape. A class object passed where such an interface goes is copied field by field, so writes through the parameter do not reach the caller:

interface Point { x: int; y: int }
class P { x: int = 1; y: int = 2; extra = "z"; }
function move(q: Point): void { q.x = 99; }
const p = new P(); move(p);
console.log(p.x);   // xisto: 1, Node: 99

An interface with methods is matched in two ways:

ClassWhere the interface goes
class Cat implements Namedthe object itself; === holds
a class that fits but does not say implementsan adapter object made per conversion; === with the original is false

Write implements on the classes you pass as an interface: it is the fast path and keeps identity.

Generics​

Generic functions, classes and interfaces are monomorphised: Stack<string> and Stack<int> are two compiled classes, with no boxing and no run-time cost.

class Stack<T> { private items: T[] = []; push(x: T): void { this.items.push(x); } pop(): T | null { return this.items.pop() ?? null; } }

A generic arrow value held in a variable inside a function is erased instead: its T is read as unknown. A result that must become a concrete type is copied through JSON, with warning XS2110:

warning[XS2110]: the result of the generic function value 'firstRow' is a copy of Row made through JSON
  help: … give the function a concrete return type, or make it a generic function or method instead of a value

A type parameter that cannot be inferred (empty() for function empty<T>(): T[]) becomes unknown with warning XS2104; pass it explicitly: empty<string>().

Unions and discriminants​

Unions of classes narrow with instanceof, unions of primitives with typeof, and discriminated unions on a literal field:

type Result = { kind: "ok"; value: int } | { kind: "err"; message: string };
function show(r: Result): string { return r.kind === "ok" ? `ok ${r.value}` : `err ${r.message}`; }

Tuples​

[string, int] is a fixed tuple; destructuring and console.log behave as on Node. Promise.all over calls of different types gives a tuple: const [x, y] = await Promise.all([a(), b()]).

See also​